[์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ง] Network Models #๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ชจ๋ธ

2023. 4. 16. 00:38ใ†_Study/Network

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Network Models ๐Ÿ‡¸.•*¨*•¸.•*¨*•¸.•*¨*•¸.•*¨*•
์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น 4ํŒ

#0415 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐํ†ต์‹  #์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ง #๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ #์ข…ํ•ฉ์„ค๊ณ„ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ

ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ•์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


 

1. Protocol Layering

2. TCP/IP Protocol suite

3. OSI Model 7๊ณ„์ธต


์šฉ์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌ

 

Protocol (ํ†ต์‹  ๊ทœ์•ฝ)

Protocol Layering (ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”)

Hop : host, router

Hop to Hop delivery

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

International Organization for Standardization : ISO 

Open System Interconnection : OSI

 

 


1. Protocol Layering

A protocol defines the rules that both the sender and receiver and all intermediate devices need to follow to be able to communicate effectively.

 

When communication is simple, we may need only one simple protocol.

 

when the communication is complex, we need a protocol at each layer, or protocol layering.

 

 

ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์€ ์†ก์‹ ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์„ ํ†ต์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.

์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ• ๋•Œ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ, ์ฆ‰ ํ”„๋กœํ† ์ฝœ ๊ณ„์ธตํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.

 

 

Simple-layer Protocol : ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„

The mails are translated using encryption or decryption technique.

๋ฉ”์ผ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณตํ˜ธํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

 

Two principles of protocol layering.

 

1. Each layer is able to perform two opposite tasks in bidirectional communication.

-> listen/speak, Give/Take, Send/Receive

 

2. The two objects under each layer at both sites should be indentical.

-> Plain text letter, Cipher text, Envelopend mail.

 

๊ฐ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฒƒ.

๋‘ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ธต ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ.

 

Logical connection between peer layers means layer-to-layer communication. ๊ณ„์ธต ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ 

 

 

 

 

2. TCP/IP Protocol suite

Layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite(ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ, ํ•œ ์ค„, ํ•œ ์กฐ)

 

 

Communication between two hosts.

- We assume a small internet made up of three LANs. with connected by one router.

 

- Source and destination hosts are invloved in all five layer. : ์†ก์‹ ์ž์™€ ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž๋Š” 5๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ„์ธต

- Two link layer Switch is involved in two layers. : ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” 2์ธต๋งŒ

- The Router is involved in three layers. : ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” 3์ธต๋งŒ, ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง„๋‹ค.

 

 

 

๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ header์— link layer์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์„ธํ•œ๊ฑด ๋’ค์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ IP์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ. ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์—์„  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋„์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ link layer์ฃผ์†Œ๋งŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ header์— link layer์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•ด์„œ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉด์„œ (IP์ฃผ์†Œ(์ตœ์ข…๋„์ฐฉ์ง€)๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค) Frame ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Frame์€ Network์ธต์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ datagram ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€MAC,์†ก์‹ ์ธกMAC,ํƒ€์ž…, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ํ™•์ธ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ ๋ถ™์ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด Frame์ด ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ Data link ์ธต์ด ์˜ฎ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ Router์ž…์žฅ์—์„  ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋™์ผํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํŒจํ‚ท์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋Š์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ๋Š” data link ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด frame์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

chat gpt๊ฐ€ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค.

 

 

 

The functions and duties of layers in the TCP/TP

- The functions and duties of application, transport and network layer are between end-to-end.

 

The functions and duties of datalink and physical layer are between hop-to-hop:

Hop : ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง

์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” ํ•œ ํ™‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์ „๋‹ฌ๋งŒ ํ•ด์คŒ)

 

Host(computer) or Router is considered one hop.

 

 

 

Identical objects in the TCP/TP protocol

layer Identical objects Basic function
Application messages  
Transport segment, user datagram Error&Flow & congestion Control
Process to process delevery
Network datagram Host addressing
Packet routing
Data link frame Framing
Node to node (hop to hop) delivery
Error control
Physical bits  

 

ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ž.

 

Physical Layer : ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ณ„์ธต, bits

Physical layer is responsible for the movemets of individual bits form one hop (node) to the next.

This layer consists of the electronic circuit transmission technologies of a network.

 

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ํ™‰์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ .

์ด ๊ณ„์ธต์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ์ „์ž ํšŒ๋กœ ์ „์†ก ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.

 

Data link : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต , frames

Data-link layer is responsibie for moving frames from one hop(node) to the next hop.

Frame is the data unit in data-link layer.

Basic functions : Framing, Node-to-node(hop to hop) Delivery, Error control.

 

 

 

Hop to Hop delivery

- Data link layer transfers frame(data) between adjacent(์ด์›ƒ) nodes or between nodes.

 

 

 

Network layer : ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต, Packets, ์†ก์‹ ์ธก -> ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ธก error ์—†์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from source to destinaion host.

Host to Host delivery.

Basic function : Host addressing, Packet routing

 

 

 

 

 

Transport Layer : ์ „์†ก๊ณ„์ธต , channel, segment, user datagram

Transport layer provides process-specific transmission channels for applications.

Port to Port Delivery : ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค to ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค

 

the transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

Basic function:  Error & Flow & Congestion Control, Process to process delivery.

 

 

 

 

Application Layer : ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต , message

the application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

- the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

 

 

 

Encapsulation and Decapsulation

 

The important concepts in protocol layering

- Encapsulation at the source host

- Decapsulation and Encapsulation at the router.

- Decapsulation at the destination host.

 

์ด๋•Œ ์•ž์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ, ๋ผ์šฐํ„ฐ์—์„  2๋ฒˆ header ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง„๋‹ค.

 

 

 

 

Addressing

There exists logical communicaion between pairs of layers.

Any communication needs two addresses: source, destination address

- physical layer does not need addresses.

- the unit of data at the physical layer is as bit, which cannot have an address.

 

Link-layer Address : ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋งํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต frame

- locally defined addresses. ๋กœ์ปฌ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋œ ์ฃผ์†Œ.

- They defines a specific host or router in a LAN or WAN

 

 

 

 

Network layer Addresses : Logical Address

- The addresses are global, with the whole internet as the scope

- 32-bit IP addresses are network layer addresses

 

 

 

Transport layer address : Port Number

- Port numbers are local addresses that distinguish between several programs running at the same time.

ํฌํŠธ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹คํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋กœ์ปฌ์ฃผ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.

 

 

Application layer address : Names (Specific address)

- Email address, Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

 

 

3. OSI Model 7๊ณ„์ธต : ๋ฌผ๋ฐ๋„ค์ „์„ธํ‘œ์‘

International Organization for Standardization : ISO conducted a program to develop general standards and methods of networking.

Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) is abstract model of networking.

- OSI promoted the idea of protocol layering. defining interoperability between network devices and software.

- ISO organization , OSI model , Organization์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ๋ฐ. ์ƒ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋จผ์ € ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ž. Open์ž„.

ํ•„์š”์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.

 

the OSI model appeard after the TCP/TP protocol suite. - TCP/IP๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

 

OSI model did not replace TCP/TP reasons (3)

- OSI was completed when TCP/TP was fully in place.

- Some layers (Session and Presentation layer ) in the OSI were never fully defined.

- OSI did not show high enough level of perfomance to switch from TCP/TP to OSI model

 

- OSI๋Š” TCP/IP์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.

- OSI ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ณ„์ธต (์„ธ์…˜, ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณ„์ธต)์€ ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.

- OSI๋Š” TCP/TP ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ OSI๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.

 

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” TCP/TP๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.